BEFS Bulletin 387: Advocacy Toolkit, Climate Change Plans and Scottish Futures

HES – Talking About Heritage Survey 2025
Historic Environment Scotland
Scotland’s heritage belongs to us all – from stone circles and high streets to tenements and schools. Heritage makes communities special and it’s everything we inherit from the past that shapes who we are today as well as influencing our future. Talking About Heritage is a national conversation. The results of this survey will have an impact on how HES think about and care for heritage in Scotland. Discover other ways to get involved here.
Closes 7 December 2025 

Call for Good Practices: Cultural Heritage as an Asset for the Green, Digital and Social Transformation
European Heritage Hub
The European Heritage Hub is seeking local good practices from cities and regions across Europe in heritage within the context of the ‘triple transformation’- green, digital and social transformation of society. The call is open to local and regional administrations of all sizes from across Europe, including Ukraine, Moldova, Western Balkans and the Caucasus region, as well as EEA, EFTA countries and the UK. Ten inspirational practices will be selected, with hosts eligible to organise onsite peer-learning visits in 2026-2027. Thematic areas include heritage and climate, tourism, digital technologies, communities, youth, values, peace, music, EU enlargement, and the Mediterranean. Applications must be submitted in English via the online form.
Closes 19 December 2025 

Compulsory Purchase Reform
Scottish Government
The Scottish Government is carrying out a programme of work to reform and modernise Scotland’s compulsory purchase system. Following a commitment in the Programme for Government 2024/25, a consultation has been published on a comprehensive package of proposals and options for change; to make compulsory purchase simpler, more streamlined and fairer for all parties. The consultation has been informed by extensive engagement with a range of stakeholders, including a practitioner advisory group chaired by the Chief Planner and Roseanna Cunningham, MSP. A number of questions on compulsory sale orders and compulsory lease orders are also included in the consultation paper. Any questions about the consultation: CPO.Reform@gov.scot.
Closes 19 December 2025 

Procurement Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 – Thresholds Review
Scottish Government
The Scottish Government is consulting on proposed changes to the goods, services, works, and community benefit thresholds within the Procurement Reform (Scotland) Act 2014. These thresholds determine which procurement rules apply to public contracts in Scotland. The review considers increasing the goods, services, and works thresholds, and decreasing the community benefits threshold, to ensure they remain appropriate and effective.
Closes 8 January 2026  

Draft Circular Economy Strategy
Scottish Government
The Scottish Government is committed to moving from a linear “take, make and dispose” economic model to a circular economy where materials and goods are valued and kept in use for as long as possible. This draft circular economy strategy sets out the rationale and benefits of a more circular economy within the wider economic framework and describes the overall vision to 2045 and the outcomes that they are working towards. The consultation paper contains full background information for this consultation.
Closes 13 January 2026 

Properties and Collections Strategy: Towards Sustainable Stewardship 
Historic Environment Scotland
Historic Environment Scotland (HES) has published a draft Strategy document entitled: Properties and Collections Strategy: Towards Sustainable Stewardship. This draft Strategy explains how HES plans to care for the Properties and Collections in its care over the long term and why change is needed. Scotland’s historic environment is facing growing challenges, including climate change, rising costs, and a shortage of traditional skills. The Strategy explains how HES will respond to these challenges, make the most of opportunities, prioritise what matters most, and work with communities to protect and use the Properties and Collections in ways that benefit everyone.
Closes 23 January 2026 

Draft Climate Change Plan 2026-2040
Scottish Government
The Scottish Government is consulting on its Draft Climate Change Plan for 2026-2040. The Plan sets out wide-ranging policies and proposals to address and adapt to the current and anticipated impacts of climate change, including by reducing carbon emissions, providing warmer homes, improving air quality, and supporting active travel. It features a road map of actions for the next 15 years and a sectoral annex on residential and public buildings.
Closes 29 January 2026 

The Future of Council Tax in Scotland
Scottish Government
The Scottish Government and the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA) are seeking views on the future of council tax in Scotland. This consultation forms part of a joint programme of work seeking to build consensus on reforms to council tax, which has remained largely unchanged since its introduction over 30 years ago. Key areas under consideration include: updating the market reference point (currently based on 1991 values) to reflect current market values; exploring approaches to revaluation, including localised revaluation where band thresholds could differ by council area to reflect local housing markets; introducing options for new council tax bands at the top and bottom of the scale to ensure the system is more progressive and proportionate; and considering transitional measures such as phased implementation and deferral options to help households adjust to changes, as well as reductions to support lower-income households. The findings will help support informed public debate and further consideration in the Scottish Parliament.
Closes 30 January 2026 

Exploring the role of alternative clean heating solutions
UK Government
The UK Government is committed to decarbonising the way we heat our buildings to protect consumers against high energy bills due to volatile global fossil fuel prices, reduce the UK’s dependence on foreign sources of energy and combat climate change. In that process, the UK Government is committed to ensuring there is a good solution for every building and that consumers have access to a range of suitable low-carbon heat technologies. This consultation will be of interest to stakeholders operating in the heat sector, business representative bodies, households, non-domestic buildings, and those with a wider interest in the UK’s net zero ambition.
*NEW* Closes 10 February 2026 

Measuring the Values of Arts, Culture, and Heritage
Heritage Strategies International
Heritage Strategies International is collaborating with Historic England in a research effort called ‘Developing Taxonomies for Arts, Culture and Heritage.’ The project is funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). This international survey is a means to learn from experts and advocates in arts, culture, and heritage what might be measured, the importance (or not) of measuring values, and to learn what similar work on creating categories of values is being used elsewhere in the world.
No closing date specified 

 Consultation Responses

Scottish Aggregates Tax: Options for approaching cross-border taxation – Consultation Analysis (Scot Gov 19/11/2025)

Highland Historic Buildings Trust to Continue its Work in the Highlands as Part of Scottish Historic Buildings Trust (SHBT 14/11/2025)

Open Call for NextGen Heritage Ambassadors: European Heritage Hub Advisory Body (Youth.Heritage.Europe and Europa Nostra 17/11/2025)

Highland Historic Buildings Trust to continue its work in the Highlands as part of Scottish Historic Buildings Trust (SHBT 17/11/2025)

Rennie: Housing Secretary has some nerve as heating bill dropped (Scottish Liberal Democrats 18/11/2025)

Scotland celebrates Intangible Cultural Heritage at annual conference in Perth (Museums Galleries Scotland 18/11/2025)

This is Community Wealth Building: launch of a series of stories showing what Community Wealth Building looks like in action across Scotland (Scottish Community Alliance 18/11/2025)

Heat in Buildings: a pathetic capitulation from the SNP (Scottish Greens 18/11/2025)

Outdoor Learning Hub and Discovery Trail: a learning resource on a university campus (Architecture & Design Scotland 19/11/2025)

Why we need mass council house building (Alba Party 24/11/2025)

Timber in Construction Skills – New CITB-funded training (BuildScotland.co.uk 24/11/2025)

Scotland’s first-ever canal and traditional skills centre to be considered by councillors (Scottish Canals 24/11/2025)

Scottish apprentices?wages must be increased (Scottish Greens 25/11/2025)

£2.9m heritage investment for Granton Waterfront regeneration (HES 26/11/2025)

Second year of Urban Forestry Programme opens across Scotland (Future Woodlands Scotland 26/11/2025)

What the Autumn Budget Means for the Heritage Sector?(The Heritage Alliance 26/11/2025)

RICS statement on 2025 Autumn Budget (RICS 26/11/2025)

‘Building from Forests’ explores the potential of natural and renewable materials in design and architecture (BE-ST 27/11/2025)

Planning Aid Scotland announces 2026 Community Engagement Skills Training dates, with in-person sessions in Edinburgh, Glasgow and Inverness (PAS 01/12/2025)

New manual for adapting heritage tourism in the face of climate change (HES 02/12/2025)

Publications

Correspondence between the Scottish Property Federation and the Finance and Public Administration Committee regarding the Scottish Building Safety Levy (Scot Parl 17/11/2025)

Meeting of the Parliament: Buildings (Heating and Energy Performance) and Heat Networks (Scotland) Bill – Session 6 (Scot Parl 18/11/2025)

Decarbonising heating in homes and buildings (Scot Gov 18/11/2025)

Scotland’s Cladding Remediation Programme monthly management information: October 2025 (Scot Gov 18/11/2025)

Finance and Public Administration Committee – Building Safety Levy (Scotland) Bill: Stage 1 Official Report (Scot Parl 18/11/2025)

Fuel Poverty: Commons Debate (UK Parl 18/11/2025)

Energy Efficiency Schemes: Commons Debate (UK Parl 18/11/2025)

Warm Homes Plan: Commons Debate (UK Parl 18/11/2025)

Public Buildings: Written Answer (UK Parl 18/11/2025)

Traditional Building Skills: Westminster Hall Debate (UK Parl 18/11/2025)

Building Safety: Written Answer (UK Parl 18/11/2025)

Correspondence between Màiri McAllan and the Local Government, Housing and Planning Committee regarding decarbonisation (Scot Parl 18/11/2025)

Climate and weather resilience – Oral evidence (UK Parl 18/11/2025)

Local Government, Housing and Planning Committee – Draft Climate Change Plan Official Report (Scot Parl 18/11/2025)

Traditional Building Skills: Scottish Parliament Debate (Scot Parl 19/11/2025)

Insulation: Written Answer (UK Parl 19/11/2025)

Apprentices: Written Answer (UK Parl 19/11/2025)

Infrastructure investment plan 2021-22 to 2025-26: lessons learned (Scot Gov 19/11/2025)

Correspondence between Stephen Boyle and the Social Justice and Social Security Committee regarding the Wellbeing and Sustainable Development (Scotland) Bill (Scot Parl 19/11/2025)

Correspondence between the Constitution, External Affairs & Culture Committee and Angus Robertson regarding Historic Environment Scotland (Scot Parl 20/11/2025)

Correspondence between the Constitution, Europe, External Affairs & Culture Committee and Steve Reed regarding the Pride in Place Programme (Scot Parl 20/11/2025)

Constitution, Europe, External Affairs and Culture Committee Draft Report (Scot Parl 20/11/2025)

How might the UK Budget impact the Scottish Government’s funding? (SPICe 21/11/2025)

Pre-Budget scrutiny 2026-27: funding for culture (Scot Parl 21/11/2025)

Net Zero: Written Answer (UK Parl 21/11/2025)

Net Zero, Warm Homes: Written Answer (UK Parl 21/11/2025)

Historic Buildings: Written Answer (UK Parl 21/11/2025)

Planning and Infrastructure Bill Debate (House of Lords 24/11/2025)

Dr Heather Reid appointed to The National Lottery Heritage Fund board, as Trustee and Chair of the Scotland Committee (UK Gov 24/11/2025)

Correspondence between Ivan McKee and the Finance and Public Administration Committee regarding the Building Safety Levy (Scotland) Bill (Scot Parl 24/11/2025)

Climate Change Plan: what’s the background and what does it need to do (SPICe 25/11/2025)

Non-Domestic Rates (Liability for Unoccupied Properties) (Scotland) Bill (SPICe 25/11/2025)

Planning and Architecture. Update on Elected Member Training (Scot Gov 25/11/2025)

Independent Review of Creative Scotland (Scot Gov 25/11/2025)

Housing statistics: Scottish Landlord Register data (Scot Gov 25/11/2025)

Wind turbine appeal decisions: statistics (Scot Gov 25/11/2025)

Home Insulation Debate (UK Parl 26/11/2025)

Correspondence between SEPA and the Public Audit Committee correcting official report of evidence session (Scot Parl 26/11/2025)

Correspondence between Angus Robertson and the Constitution, Europe, External Affairs and Culture Committee regarding public sector equality guidance (Scot Parl 26/11/2025)

Correspondence between Angus Robertson and the Constitution, Europe, External Affairs and Culture Committee regarding Historic Environment Scotland meetings (Scot Parl 26/11/2025)

Correspondence between BEFS (supported by RTPI) and the Local Government, Housing and Planning Committee regarding planning authority capacity (Scot Parl 26/11/2025)

Climate Delivery Oversight Group minutes: August 2025 (Scot Gov 26/11/2025)

£12 million for public sector heat decarbonisation projects (Scot Gov 27/11/2025)

Correspondence between Màiri McAllan and the Local Government, Housing and Planning Committee regarding Building (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2025 (Scot Parl 27/11/2025)

Report on Energy Performance of Buildings (Scotland) Regulations 2025 (Scot Parl 27/11/2025)

Non-domestic rates on empty properties (Scot Gov 27/11/2025)

Natural Environment (Scotland) Bill – Third Groupings of Amendments for Stage 2 (Scot Parl 28/11/2025)

Non-Domestic Rates (Liability for Unoccupied Properties) (Scotland) Bill – Marshalled List of Amendments for Stage 2 (Scot Parl 28/11/2025)

Non-Domestic Rates (Liability for Unoccupied Properties) (Scotland) Bill – Groupings of Amendments for Stage 2 (Scot Parl 28/11/2025)

Natural Environment (Scotland) Bill – Third Marshalled List of Amendments for Stage 2 (Scot Parl 28/11/2025)

Non-Domestic Rates (Liability for Unoccupied Properties) (Scotland) Bill – Marshalled List of Amendments for Stage 3 (Scot Parl 28/11/2025)

Non-Domestic Rates (Liability for Unoccupied Properties) (Scotland) Bill – Groupings of Amendments for Stage 3 (Scot Parl 28/11/2025)

Finding new owners for empty homes (Scot Gov 01/12/2025)

Motions

Opinion & Comment

Building a Movement – SAVE Britain’s Heritage 50th Anniversary Film (SAVE Britain’s Heritage 16/10/2025)

The Labour government of the 1970s saved our country houses. Will a Labour government of the 2020s save our country churches? (Country Life 11/11/2025)

MPs call for VAT cut on retrofit projects to tackle ‘disparity’ with new-build (Architects’ Journal 18/11/2025)

Castle wall ‘ripped down’ for use as stepping stones in puddle (BBC News 22/11/2025)

Chief Officer’s Blog: The Art of the Possible for Scotland’s Towns (Scotland’s Towns Partnership 24/11/2025)

Edinburgh tourism tax could partly fund over 400 new affordable homes (Deadline News 25/11/2025)

Creative Scotland ‘should take risks and be more ambitious.’ (BBC News 25/11/2025)

Blog: Strong intentions, weak delivery (Scottish Construction Now 25/11/2025)

Youth heritage exchange between Barbados and Scotland wins inaugural Icom award (Museum’s Journal 25/11/2025)

Budget includes minimum wage rises and business rates relief, with sector expressing concerns over lack of new cultural investment (Museums & Heritage Advisor 26/11/2025)

Scotland has 33 new towns – where are they and what’s it like living in one? (BBC News 27/11/2025)

Events

AHSS – Luis Albornoz-Parra: The Building Stones of Edinburgh
Date & Time: Monday 8 December 2025; 6:30-8:30pm
Location: Augustine United Church, 41 George IV Bridge, Edinburgh EH1 1EL (wheelchair accessible)
Note: Lecture will also be streamed online via Zoom
Edinburgh is renowned for its dramatic stone architecture. What are the sources and types of building stone? Why and how does the stone decay and should the stone be conserved or replaced? Luis Albornoz-Parra of the British Geological Survey will bring some samples for identification and?will make suggestions as to where in the city you might see them. Tickets available from Eventbrite or on the door, subject to availability: £6 / students £2

SHBT – Tale of Two Streets: Regenerating Princes St and Sauchiehall Street
Date & Time: Wednesday 10 December 2025; 6-8pm
Location: Riddle’s Court, 322 Lawnmarket, Edinburgh EH1 2PG
Speakers: Terry Levinthal, Director of Edinburgh World Heritage and Niall Murphy, Director of Glasgow City Heritage Trust. The hearts of cities are often marked by their great streets: theatres of commerce, places for tourists to gawk at, and the settings for civic and institutional performance and display. Edinburgh and Glasgow are thus characterised, respectively, by Princes Street and Sauchiehall street; each in its own way, architectural set pieces, and each subject to the vagaries of commerce and fashion. How are the characters of these streets re-produced and managed in response to and for changing times? How can heritage bodies contribute to these characters, balancing at the same time both change and continuity of the city itself?

CaCHE – 2026 Scottish Election: Housing Evidence Priorities for a New Government
Date & Time: Wednesday 10 December 2025; 1-2:30pm
Location: Online
In this online session, Professor Kenneth Gibb and Dr Gareth James (University of Glasgow) from the UK Collaborative Centre for Housing Evidence (CaCHE) launch their new report – The 2026 Scottish Election: Housing Evidence Priorities for a New Government. Building on CaCHE’s influential 2021 Evidence Manifesto for housing, this new publication revisits Scotland’s housing landscape five years on – tracking what has changed, what has stalled, and what still needs to be done. As the 2026 Scottish election approaches, the report sets out a small number of cross-cutting priorities for a new government, grounded in fresh evidence and informed by interviews with housing sector leaders and policymakers.

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland – Carved in Stone: Bringing the Picts to Life
Date & Time: Thursday 11 December 2025; 6-8pm
Location: Augustine United Church, 41 George IV Bridge, Edinburgh EH1 1EL
Carved in Stone is an illustrated guide to the Picts in late 7th century AD, serving as a source of inspiration for tabletop roleplaying games, storytellers, and anyone interested in Scotland’s past. It covers everything we know (and many things we don’t), touching on languages, kingdoms, faith, hierarchies, cuisine and more. In this panel event, the designer and lead researcher will explore the process, break down the elaborate illustrations, and discuss how they’ve approached bringing the past to life.

Development Trusts Association Scotland – Involving Your Community
Date & Time: Thursday 11 December 2025; 12-2pm
Location: Online
This workshop is focussed on mainstream funders relevant to communities taking on a former place of worship. This event is part of the New Futures Programme – Former Places of Worship event series. New Futures is a three-year programme (January 2025-December 2027) funded by National Lottery Heritage Fund, Historic Environment Scotland and Development Trusts Association Scotland to provide enhanced support to community groups considering taking on a former place of worship across Scotland. This programme was launched in direct response to the significant and unprecedented number of former places of worship which are due for disposal over the next several years. This workshop is open to any community group interested in taking ownership of a former place of worship but will be of most help to those at the beginning of the process. For questions and enquiries, please email Louise Paterson, Churches Programme Officer.

SHBT – Heritage Retrofit: Historic Building Adaption for the Future
Date & Time: Wednesday 14 January 2026; 6-8pm
Location: Riddle’s Court, 322 Lawnmarket, Edinburgh EH1 2PG
Speakers: Chris Morgan, Chartered and ARB registered Architect and Director of John Gilbert Architects in Glasgow and Henrietta Billings, Director of Save Britain’s Heritage.
Up the hill from the sea and city are the raw materials from which both its built heritage and wealth are hewn and mined: timber, coal, ore, stone. On the one hand, these materials represent the result of aeons, rather than the mere centuries of history. On the other, they are consumed over ever-decreasing durations, producing waste and degrading the environments they long predate. This session will debate how heritage preservation might engage with this process. It has long been argued that conservation must be a carbon-positive activity, but alternative thinking suggests that sometimes keeping what already exists may not be the most sustainable approach.

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland – The Lost Royal Lodgings of Edinburgh Castle and the Birthplace of Britain
Date & Time: Thursday 15 January 2026; 6-8pm
Location: Augustine United Church, 41 George IV Bridge, Edinburgh EH1 1EL
This talk, The Lost Royal Lodgings of Edinburgh Castle 1093 – 1617, and the Birthplace of Great Britain, is the culmination of an almost 40-year involvement in investigating the history and archaeology of Edinburgh Castle. Most recently this has been within the context of commissioned research from HES in writing a Statement of Significance for the later Palace in Crown Square. The ‘Birthplace’ subtext refers to the Royal Lodging subsumed within the 1617 Palace where Mary Queen of Scots gave birth on 19 June 1566 to the future James VI/ I, and with the Union of the Crowns in 1603 styling himself King of Great Britain and Ireland.

Heritage Network – North UK Mills Group – January meeting
Date & Time: Tuesday 20 January 2026; 10-11:30am
Location: Online
An opportunity for organisations and individuals working with or interested in mill buildings to come together, network, and discuss. Owen Bushell will talk about the development of the social enterprise taking custodianship of the category A listed Bucket Mill in Finzean, Aberdeenshire. Owen will discuss some of the challenges the organisation faces in getting the machinery working again, developing skills training, and working towards producing historic turned buckets once again. Health & Safety considerations, space constraints and conservation (nature, object and building) conundrums will also be touched upon.

AHSS – Chris Bragg: Tensions in visual organ design in the 19th century UK
Date & Time: Thursday 22 January 2026; 7:30pm
Location: St Andrew’s West Church & Renfield Centre, 260 Bath Street, Glasgow G2 4JP
Note: Lecture will also be live-streamed via Zoom
Explore 19th-century UK organ design with Chris Bragg of Sowne of Organe. This lecture examines the Oxford Movement’s influence, evolving aesthetics, decorated pipes, and shifting liturgical demands. Explore how these changes have shaped organ building and continue to influence modern conservation efforts, striking a balance between historical integrity and contemporary performance and architectural contexts. Tickets available from Eventbrite or on the door: £6 / students £2 / season ticket for all 5 lectures: £25.

IHBC Scotland Branch – Historic Building Legislation & Curtilage with Dr Charles Mynors
Date & Time: Friday 23 January 2026; 11:30am-4:30pm
Location: Sir Walter Scott Hall, Grassmarket Community Project, 86, Candlemaker Row,
Edinburgh EH1 2QA
Speakers: Dr Charles Mynors; Dara Parsons and Dr James Bruhn from Historic Environment Scotland
Join the IHBC for a day of learning on historic building legislation in Scotland. The morning session will provide an introduction to heritage planning law in Scotland, covering its importance, key distinctions with English heritage planning law, case law and other updates in the sector. The afternoon will focus on the extent of listing, including the often contentious subject of curtilage. The session will include discussion of case studies. If you would like to submit a case study, please email details of the case to scotland@ihbc.org.uk by 31 December 2025.

2026 SAVE THE DATE
Europa Nostra – Secretary General Address
Date & Time: Tuesday 17 March 2026; tbc
Location: Edinburgh
Details to follow

Training

HES – Launch of Fire Safety Management Short Guide – CPD Training for Dutyholders and Designers
Date & Time: Thursday 4 December 2025; 9:30am-4:30pm
Location: The Engine Shed, Forthside Way, Stirling FK8 1QZ
Book your place on this free event on fire safety management in traditional buildings, for dutyholders, designers, and others with a legal responsibility for fire safety. Launching the new HES publication,?Short Guide 14: Fire Safety Management in Traditional Buildings for Dutyholders, this event will include presentations from the authors and contributors of the Guide, including Senior Technical Officer Lila Angelaka. You will also hear from leading experts in the sector, including the HES Health & Safety team who deal with managing fire risk in their Estates.

Vacancies

Planning Democracy – Trustees
Planning Democracy are looking for new trustees to join their board. They are particularly interested in recruiting trustees who have skills in the following areas:

• Governance

• Communications (social media, online resources, website management)

However, they are also keen to hear from anyone who feels that Planning Democracy is an organisation they are interested in getting involved with. In return they are offering training opportunities, learning opportunities, experience in campaigning and advocacy, the opportunity to travel in Scotland and meet new people, as well as being part of a committed group of people. If you are interested,?contact Chair, Helen Todd at info@planningdemocracy.org.uk
Closing Date: Not specified

War Memorials Trust – Trustees
War Memorials Trust works to protect and conserve the nation’s 100,000 war memorials. They are seeking new Trustees, with the right skills, experience, enthusiasm and commitment, to join the Board and help guide the charity’s efforts. The charity provides advice and expertise to help anyone who looks after a war memorial to manage, repair and conserve it for the benefit of those who live locally, those who are commemorated and their families and the wider population. They also encourage public engagement especially through their website War Memorials Online to which anyone can add information and upload photographs. So, if the Trustee role isn’t for you, you may still be able to contribute by signing up to War Memorials Online.
A skills audit has identified key areas of expertise that the Board needs to enhance as

• fundraising expertise to ensure they are here for the long term

• legal expertise to support the charity deliver its objectives appropriately

This role is home based with board meetings rotating between in-person at the London office and online, although all can be joined online. Some attendance at events or visits to war memorials may be undertaken. Reasonable expenses related to the role will be available. Minimum engagement is for four, two-hour board meetings per year (plus reading of papers beforehand). Additional input will be welcomed and Trustees may be approached by staff, on a collective or an individual basis, between meetings, particularly in relation to their expertise. For full details of the role and how to apply, please go to the War Memorials Trust’s website.
Closing Date: Not specified